Deegamda Dhulbahante miyay ka mid ahaayeen dhulkii gumaystahii Briton ku xadeeyay British Protoctrote?

Journal of Applied Security Studies 2018, 1, pp. 1-16

Deegamda Dhulbahante miyay ka mid ahaayeen dhulkii gumaystahii Briton ku xadeeyay British Protoctrote?

Xayndaabkii british-ka & qabiilada somaliyed: qiimayn ku aadan in ay ka mid yihiin british protectorate qabiilada heshiiskii 1884-86kii saxiixin, ka qayb qaadan marka loo cuskado Berlin Conference 1884-85 (Act) Article (35) oo meesha ka saaray qaacidadii ‘hinterland theory’

Othman A. Mahamud

Founder AMNI Centre For Security Analysis &

Development êResearch Organisation, Garoe Puntland, Somalia

Abstract

Markii Dawladii dhexe kacaanka 1991kii ay dhacday, dalka Somaliyeed wuxuu guda-galey dagaalo sokeeyo. Jamhadahii ka soo horjeeday xukumadii Siyaad Bare ayaa markii dambe isu badalay kuwa dhexdooda hardama siyaabo badan awgood. Jamhadii SNM oo ka dagaalantay gobalada waqooyi 1991kii waxay ku dhawaqday Dawlada Somalia inteeda kale ka madaxban oo Somaliland loo yaqaan intii dhulka British Somaliland la oran jirayna hadafkeedu yahay in ka taliso ictiraaf caalamka ka dalbato. 27 sano ka dib Somaliland wali ictiraaf ma helin. Qaybo ka mida qabiilada degan intii British Somaliland la isku oran jiray iskood gacan saar iyo heshiis ula yeesheen British-ka xiligii bada-cas soo dagay cidna wakiil kama noqon makii hore hadana waxay u arkan in masiirkooda iyagu u madax banan yihiin. Halka kuwa kalena qabiilada halkaa dega aysan marna wax heshiis la yeelan Britishka sida darteed markii la fiirsho sharciyadii u degsanaa dawladaha Isticmaarka waxaa shaki wayn ku jiraa in qabiilada ama qabiilkaa isaga ah xayndaabkii isticmaarka Britisha Protoctorate ka mid yahay marka la fiirsho xeerarkii Isticmaarka u dagsanaa ka mid ahaanshaha inta ay xukumaan.

Keywords

Xuduud, Somaliland, heshiiyadii, British Protoctrate, ‘hinterlan theory’

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Hordhac

Xiligii shacabka Waqoyiga Somalia xoriyada qaateen 1960kii waxa British-ku xukumayey 76 sano mudo ku siman. British-ku xoog kuma qabsan waqooyiga Somalia wuxuu ku qabsaday xeel ka dib markii uu heshiisyo kala gaar-gaar ah la saxiixday inta badan qabiilada waqoyiga Somalia dega. Heshiisyada qabiilada British-ku la galay ma ahayn kuwa qoor-ka-qabad ku yimid. Waxay ahaayen kuwa qabiiladu raali ka yihiin waloow aqoon yari dhanka Somalida jirtay keentay khaladaad raad reebay aan laga soo kabsan wali. Hadaba, cilmi-baaristan waxa ay si qota dheer uga war-bixindoonta iyada oo dhan walba ka eegaysa doodihii ka dhashay heshiskii [1954] British-ku ku bixiyey dhulka Somaliyed Hawd, Reserve Area iyo Ogadenia. Doodahaa xildhibaanda Aqalka Hoose ‘House of Commons’ dhexmartay ayaa abaartoodu ahayd mawqif ka qaadashada qadiya dhulka Ethiopia loo hibeeyay. Iyo dib u qiimayn heshiisyadii British-ku 1884-86kii ay inta badan qabiilada Waqooyiga Somalia la gashay. Doodaha ‘House of Commons’ waxay dhacen tarikhdu markii ay ahayd 23 -25 Feb, 1955kii. Si gun-dhiga doodani loo fahmo cilmi-baarista waxay falanqaynaysaa qaabka, sharuudaha iyo goorta heshiiyada Britsh-ku Qabilada waqooyi la saxiixday 1884-86kii. Heshiisyadu waa kuwa u gogal xaarey wadiiqadii British-ku dhulka Somalida ku soo degay. Iyo sidoo kale lagu saleeyay xadeyntii xadkii loo yaqaaney British Somaliland (British Protectorate). Daraasadan waxay isbar-bar dhigaysaa go’aamada British ‘House of Commons’ 23-25 Feb, 1955 ka soo fulay saameen ma ku yeelan karaan hadii la cuskado mawqufka ama go’aamdi British-ku qaatay in xal loogu helo ismariwaaga siyaasadeed iyo degaameed ka aloolsan qabiilada dhulka waqooyiga Somalia wada degan. Qabiilada Somalida ee waqooyi intooda badan garbo siman heshiisyada British-ka u wada galeen qolana masuul ama matalaad kama noqon qolada kale sameyntii xaduudii Britishka. Halka qaybo kale oo muhiim ah ay goobta heshiisku ka dhacay goob joog ahayn. Sidoo kale cilmi-baaristaan waxay daraasad ku sameynaysa in qabiilka Dhul-bahante (Said Harti, Darod) xayn- daabka xuduudaha British Somaliland ku yimid heshiisyadii 1884-86kii qabiiladu galeen qayb ka ahaayen. Hadaysan qayb ka ahayn heshiisyada sidee dhulka British Somaliland la isku oran jiray sharciyan qabiilka Dhulba- hante uga mid noqday. Daraasadan waxay daboolka ka qaadi doontaa heshiisyada labada waji ahaa 1884-86kii British-ka iyo qaa ka mida qabiilada waqooyi dega dhexmaray in ay jireen wax cadaymo; qoraalo ama qariidad ah qabiilada; Gar Hejis, Habar Awal, Habar Tol-jecle, Warsangali Harti, Isse Madowe iyo Gadabuursi [Samroon] hordhigeen British-ka xiligii heshiisyada ay ku cad yihin baaxada iyo dhararka dhulka ay sheeganayan inta uu leegyahay heshiisna ku galeen marka laga reebo deeganka xeebaha Bada- cas ku teexsan oo British qudhiisa raad-raac cad ka reebay qabiilada ay u aqoonsadeen. Cilmi-baarista si ay u soo bandhigto daraasad hufan oo xaqiiq ah islamarkaasna ka talo bixiso dood cilmiyeed uga furto xal u helida khilaafka ka dhex-dhashay qabiiladii xoriyada ka qaatay ka dib bur-burkii xukuumadii dhexe 1991kii. Waxay cuskanaysaa buugag iyo warbixino cilmi- baaris tacliin sare (scholarly work) la isla xaqiijiyey oo barax-tiran laguna kalsoon yahay.

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November 29, 1954kii waxaa soo af-meermay heshiiskii u dhaxeeyay dawlada British iyo Ethiopia halkaas oo Britishku kala baxayay ciidamada ku sugnaa afafka xuduuda Somaliland. Deegamada Britishku ciidamada ka saarayay waxay kala yihiin Hawdka, Reserve Area iyo Ogadenia, wallow Somalia guud ahan wali xoriyada qaadan hadana sida British qorshayneysay Somaliyada xoriyada qaadan doonta in badan waa ka yaran doontaa dhul ahaan iyo dad ahaan mida uu heshiiska la galey 1884-86kii. Dr. Redie Bereketeab (Eritrean) madaxa hay’ada Nordic Africa Institute islamarkasna ah barre University of Chicago buuga ‘Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State’ qortay waxay xustay:

“The Somaliland that would become independent was much smaller than the territory seized by Britain 75 years earlier. In a series of of treaties beginning in 1897, the British gave into Ethiopian demands for the Haud, Ogaden and the Reserve Area, culminating in the 1954 Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement.....The Somalis were unaware of these agreements between Briton and Ethiopian.”[3 below]

Fasirad: “ Somaliland xoriyada qaadanaysa (1960) waa ka yar tahay midii Briton 75 sano ka hor qabsatay. Heshiisyo xiriir ah oo soo bilaabmay 1897kii ayaa British ku siiyey Ethiopian dalabkoodii ahaa dhulka Hawdka, Ogaden iyo Reserve Area, waxana dalabkaa ee Anglo-Ethiopian lagu soo afmeeray heshiiskii 1954......Somalidu wax wacaal ah uma hayn heshiisyada Briton iyo Ethiopianku wada galayeen.”

Heshiika British-ka iyo Ethiopia gaareen 1954 wuxuu aqoonsadey heshiiskii hordhaca u ahaa labada wadan ee Anglo-Ethiopian 1897 Harrar lagu qabtay 1

“The purpose of the Agreement of November 1954 was thus to fulfill the undertaking given by the British Government in the Treaty of 1897.........had no way changed the obligations which the British Government had assumed in the Treaty of 1897 according to which these localities were recognized as Ethiopian territory.” [1]

Fasirad: “Ujeedka heshiiski November 1954 sida darteed wuxu ahaa in la taaba galiyo lala wareego ogalaashaha ay bixisay Dawlada Brirtishka heshiiskii 1897kii..marna kama noqoteen sharuudihii Dawlada British ay ku qaadatay heshiiska 1897, la xiriira aqoonsashada degaamooyinkasi ay yihiin dhul Ethiopian”.

Tarikhdu markay ahayd February 21, 1955kii sadex bilood ka dib xiliga British ku wareejiyey Ethiopia dhulka Hawd [Haud] November, 1954kii waxa dhashay muran dhex yimid Somalidii reer guuraaga ahayd dhulka Hawdka xoolaha daaqsada iyo ciidamadii Ethiopianka dhulka Hawd la wareegay. Reer guuragii dhulkii Haud & Reserve Area xoola daaqsan jireen loo diiday waxay ahayen qiyastii sida Alan Lennox of-Boyd oo ahaa xiligaa Secretary of State for the Colonial yiri:

“The numbers involved vary, but I believe that about 300,000 people go from the Somali-land Protectorate into Ethiopian territory for grazing and will continue to do so under the guaranteed rights secured by this Agreement. “2

1 Latham Brown D. J 1956, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly Vol. 5, No. 2 pp. 245-264

 2 BRITISH SOMALILAND (ANGLO-ETHIOPIAN AGREEMENT)

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Fasirad: “Tirada ku taxaluqay waa kala duwanaayen, laakin waxan aaminsanahay in ku dhaw 300,000 oo dad ah aya ka tagi jiray dhulka Somaliland oo xaga deeganka Ethiopia daaqsin u aadi jiray waana u aadi doonan iyada oo u masaamixi doonto xuquuqda uu sugay Heshiiskan.”

23-25 Feb, 1955kii waxaa fadhi yeeshay Aqalka Hoose ee British ka ‘the House of Commons’ ka dib markii ay dood ka timid ka dhan ah heshiiskii 1954kii ay British Ethiopia dhulka Haud & Reserve Area ku siisay. Dooda ayaa furay ururkii la magac baxay NUFRRH (National United Front for Retaining the Reserve Area and the Haud) ay ku midoobeen ururadii siyaasiyiinta 1954-55kii jiray kuwooda hormuudka u ahaa waxa ka mid ah labada xisbi SYL & NSL (National Somali League oo gobalada waqooyi ka jiray). Ururka NUFRRH ayaa safar uu kaga dacwoonayo talaabadii British-ku qaatay ku aaday London isla February 1955kii ergada ururka NUFRRH waxa hogaamiye u ahaa Michael Mariano oo ururka NSL xubin ka ahaa.

Waxa sidoo kale NUFRRH warqad dacwo ah u diray xafiiska Qaramada midoobey UN si heshiiska 1954kii Englsiha dhulka Somalida ku bixiyey dood sharciyeed looga furo. Qodabada Somalidu waliba dhanka ka socday British Somaliland ay ku doodaysay khaasatan dhulka Hawdka waxa ka mid ahaa in heshiisyadii British ku 1884-86kii qabiilada waqooyiga Somalia la gashay ka baxdey islamarkaana ay tix-galisay heshiisyo ka dambeeyay oo British Ethiopia la saxiixatey sida heshiishkii ‘Anglo-Ethiopia’ British Ethiopia Harrar kula gashey 1897kii oo lidi ku ah kuwa ay Somalida horay ula gashay. 3

Intaanan u guda-galin sharaxaada doodadaha sharciyada heshiisyadii la galey ku qotanta ay Somalidu u soo bandhigtay British ka, iyo deegamada heshiiska lagu galay in la cayimay iyo in heshiisyada qudhoodu noqdeen kuwa caalamku ictiraafay (British & Somali Elders Treaty 1884-86kii). Bal aan iftimiyo marka hore xiliga iyo qabaa’ilada waqooyiga ee Somalia ay Britishka heshiishka/axdiga la saxiideen, islamarkasna ku sameysmeen xayndaabkii British Somaliland ama British Protectorate Somalia. Dhanka kale waxan muhiim ah in la xuso qabiilada Waqooyi Somalia degan islamarkaasna aan wax heshiis ah British xukunkiisa la galin.

Darasadii 1aad hore u qoray January 16, 2018ka waxan ku soo qaatay in Britishku xeebaha waqooyi Somalia ku soo guuray ka dib markii boqortooyadii Turkiga Ottoman Empire ay ciidankoodi uu horjoogaha u ahaa Khedive Ismail Masri u dhashay kala baxday. Ka dib markii ay dhanka Sudan Masar - boqortooyada Ottoman halkaa ka talinaysay - culays ka soo food saarey kacdoonkii Mahdigii Sudan. 1884kii ayaa British oo Aden, Yemen ku sugnaa awalna xeebaha Waqooyiga Somalia ganacsi la lahaa u arkay fursad

HC Deb 23 February 1955 vol 537 cc1281-9, viewed 20 February, <http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1955/feb/23/british-somaliland-anglo- ethiopian-2>

3 Bereketeab, R (20140), Self-Determination and Secession in Africa: The Post-Colonial State, Business & Economic, pp. 1- 296.

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islamarkaasna soo degay Saylac, Bulxaar iyo Berbera ciidanka uu watay markaa waxay ahaayeen 40 Askari qura.

“Hunter selected the Aden Second Assistant Resident, Langton Prendergast Walsh , who was a former Commander of the Aden Settlement Police to be a Vice-Consul and the British local commander in Somaliland.......Hunter installed Walsh and his 40 Aden policemen in Berbera.”4

Fasirad: “Mr. Hunter (Captain Frederick Mercey Hunter oo ahaa madax koowad ee xarunta Aden) ayaa u doortay ku xigeenka caawiyaha xarunta Mr. Walsh markii horena ahaa Madaxa Boliska ee Aden in uu noqdo ku xigeenka Qunsulka iyo Madaxa English ka ee Somaliland......Hunter wuxu fariisin uga dhigay Walsh iyo 40 kii askari oo Aden boliska ka ahaa Berbera.”

Heshkii 1aad British-ka & Odey-dhaqamedyada

Soo galida British-ka xeebaha waqooyi Somalia intii hore ciidamada waxaa looga talin jiray taliska English ee Aden fadhiya waana mida keentay in Mr. Walsh oo ahaa shakhsigii English u horeeyay xeebaha Somalia yimaada in taliska/xarunta Aden, Yemen hoos tago iyo Kabtan Mr. Hunter. Isla wakhtigaa British waxay biloowday heshiis ay la galeyso qabiilada Somalida si ay ugu soo dabaasho ama ku soo xero galiso hadafka fog ay ka leedahay geeska Africa. 1884-86kii waxay British-ka laba heshiis oo is xiga la gashey oday dhaqameedyada qaba’ilada deegaamada Waqoyiga Somalia dega. Labada heshiis sharuud ahaan waxay ahaayen kuwa kala duwan:

“The Royal Navy initially stationed a ship at Berbera to provide Walsh with some firepower, but Hunter’s political tactics were not based on force, as both he and Walsh regarded the use of force as a failure for diplomacy. Treaties of protection were signed by the British with those Somali tribes that were amenable.”

Fasirad: “Ciidanka Bada ee British markii hore waxay markabkooda ku soo xirteen xeebta Berbera si ay Mr. Walsh u gaarsiiyaan baaruda rasaasta, laakin Mr. Hunter xirfada siyaasadiisu kuma salaysnayn xoog/dagaal Walsh iyo Isagaba waxay aamisanaayen isticmaalida xooga iyo dagaalka in ay tahay sayaasad faashila ah. Heshiisyada nabad- galyada ay British la saxiixdeen qabiilada Somalida waxay ahaayeen kuwa rajo fiican leh lagu hiran karo.”

Heshiisyadii 1aad dhacey 1884kii waxay guntayeen in British-ka xarun ku yeelato deegamada qabaa’ilada ay heshiiska la gashay islamarkaasna qabaa’ilada iyo British-ku ka wada shaqeeyan ilaalinta xasiloonida iyo kala dambeynta. Sidoo kale in ay qabiiladu ku wareejin karin/gacanta u galiin karin degaamadooda dal kale oo aan ahayn British, waxa lagu tilmaama inay ahaayen bogcad qabsasho uun si wadamada kale European-ka ay aaga soo galin[1].

Heshiiskan ayaa u ogalanayey in British-ku dhex mari karto si xor ah deegamada qaba’iladu ka soo jeedan dhanka xeebaha u badan. Heshiisyada koowaad ma ahayn kuwa sharuud ku xirayey British-ka in ay ilaaliso,

4 Early Days in Somaliland and Other Tales by H.G.C. Swayne

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horumariso ama deegamadaas hoos gayso sharciyan boqortooyada English. Waxay heshiisyadani fulinayay kaliya danaha British-ku ka la hayd deegamada xeebta ah, halkaas ay British-ku daneynayey arimo dhaqaale ka dib markii la furay Suweys Kanal (Suez Canal) 1869kii. Iyo, in ay kala dagaalanto doonyaha ka ganacsada dadka loo iib-geeyo Yurub iyo Carabta oo gacanka soo mara iyo arimo kale badan oo la xiriira ‘inter alia’.

Heshiiyadii ama Axdigii wajigii 1aad lala galey British-ka sanadkii 1884kii qaba’iladii suulka ku duugay, tarikhda heshiisyadu qabsoomeen iyo siday u kala hor mareen waa:

1- Habar Awal, July 14, 1884

2- Gadabursi, December 11, 1884, goobta Zaila

3- Habar Tolja’ala, December 26, 1884, goobta Aden

4- Eessa Somal, December 31, 1884, goobata Zaila sidoo kale 5- Habar Gerhajis, January 13, 1885, goobta Aden

F.G. Dhamatod heshiisyadan waxay dhaqan galeen isla goorta la saxiixay oo tarikhdooda ku xusan tahay.

British-ka danaynta xeebaha Somalia ma aha markii ugu horeysay ay heshis is faham iyo macaamil ku saleysan oo sharuud masuuliyad balan qaad lahayn ama dano siyaasad laga lahayn ay qabiilada Somalida la saxiixato. Document la yiraahdo ‘British and Foreign State Papers’ 1893kii [ku] tarikheysan/xermaysan waxaa ku cad in British-ku heshiis ay abid la gasho qabiil Somalia ee ugu horeeyey uu ahaa qabiilka Majeerten, waxayna dhigaalku u qoran yahay:

“With the exception of the earliest of them (the Agreements), with the Mijjertayn Somal, which was reached on May 1, 1884 and ratified on July 29, and concerned the fate of vessels wrecked upon the Somali coast, but included no reference to rights of appertaining to

the territory of the tribe. 5

Fasirad: “Markii la tixgaliyo koodii u horeeyay (Heshiisyada) wuxu ahaa kii Majertenka Somali, kaas oo lagaley May 1, 1884 sido kale wuxu dhaqan-galey July 29, wuxu ku koobnaa ka wada shaqaynta maraakibta ku xumaata xeebaha Somalida, laakin heshiiskan kuma jirin xuquuq siin dhanka deeganka qabiilka.”

Waxaa cadeyn ah in xiriirka British-ka iyo qabiilka Majertayn lahaayeen uusan ahayn mid xiliga hore 1884kii kaliya ku soo af-meermay balse ahaa mid diplomasiyadiisu sii socday ilaa 1903dii markii Admiral Atkinson Ilig/Eyl dhanka Berbera bada kaga soo duulay uu warqad u qoray Suldan Ali Yusuf xaruntisu ahayd Hobyo si qabiilka Isse Mohamud oo dagalkii Ilig dhexmaray British iyo Darawishta ka qaxay halkoodi loogu soo celiyo:

5 British and Foreign State Papers, vol. 76, pp. 99-101

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“Admiral Atkinson-Willes despatched an intelligence officer in HMS Fox with a letter to Sultan Ali Yusuf of Obbia, asking him if Illig could be re-populated with the Esa Mahmoud tribe who had resided there before the Mullah occupied the location.”6

Fasirad: “Admiral Atkinson-Willes wuxu diray mid ka mida ciidanka sirdoonka ‘HMS Fox’ ka soo qaaday waraaq ku socota Suldan Ali Yusuf of Obbia (Hobyo) uu ka codsanayo in dib loogu soo celiyo deegaanka Illig (Eyl) qabiilka Issa Mohamud oo ahaa qabiilkii halkaa degnaa inta Sayid Mohamed uusan kordigin.”

F.G. Heshiiska sii horeeyay uu British la galey Majerten wuxu dhex marey iyaga iyo Boqor Osman oo xaruntiisa ahayd Bargaal (Cape Guardafui), heshiiskan Britishku wuxu ku bixin jiray dhaqaale lagu ilaaliyo maraakiibta kaga xumaata xeebaha Somalia sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ahaa dhisida Munaarada Bargaal ee marakinta laga hago. 7

Heshiishkii 2aad British-ka & Odey-dhaqameedyada

Heshiiska wajiga labaad 1886kii wuxu ahaa mid ka muhiisan wajigii koowad oo leh sharuudo laba dhinac ah ay ku galeen British-ka iyo Qabiilada waqooyiga Somalia degan waana xeerkii bud-dhigaha u ahaa 68da sano ay British-ka kula macaamilaysay qabaa’iladaa Somlidii u qoor dhiibatay ilaa ay heshiiskii 1954ki la gashay Ethiopia uu buriyay sharuudihii la dhigtay 1886kii. Heshiiskan ayaa British-ku caalamka ugu cadeynaysay in dhulka waqooyiga Somalia loo aqoonsado British Somaliland oo ay boqortooyada English ka taliso kana mid tahay dhulalka ay boqortooyadu gumeysato. Masuulna ay ka tahay ilaalinta amniga, horumarinta arimaha dhaqaalaha iyo bulshada qaba’iladii heshiiska la galey. Heshiiskan labaad 1886kii waxa British-ka la saxiixatey afar qabiil qura oo degan inta badan dhulka xeebaha Bada-cas una arkaysay in ay muhiim u yihiin danaha ay ka lahayd heshiiska wajiga 2aad oo u badnaa ilaalinta Canal Sues, ka ganacsi hilibka xoolaha iyo qayb ka ahaanshaha dawladaha Yurub (Italy iyo France) ee dadka Somalida ah dhulkooda qayb sanayey:

1- Habar Awal (Isaq)

2- Habar Garhejis (Isaq)

3- Habar Tolja’alo (Isaq) iyo 4- Warsangali (Harti, Darod)

Nuxurka heshiisyada 1aad, 2aad iyo 3aad oo isku si u qoran darteed waxan halkan kaga xusayaa mid qura. Inta badan lafdiga sharuudaha waxa soo qoraneysay British. Heshiiska 4aad gaar ayan u xusaya sababta waa in sharuudaha kaga duwan yahay sadexda kale:

“WE, the undersigned Elders of the Habr Gerhajis tribe, are desirous of the entering into an Agreement with the British Government for the maintenance of our independence, the

6 Jardine, Douglas, The Mad Mullah of Somaliland. 1923, Herbert Jenkins Ltd., London.

Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of

   7David D. Laitin,

 Chicago Press: 1977), p.71

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preservation of order, and other good and sufficient reasons. Now it is hereby agreed and covenanted as follows: - ART. I. The Habr Gerhajis do hereby declare that they are pledged and bound never to cede, cell, mortgage, or otherwise give for occupation, save to the British Government, any portion of the territory presently inhabited by them or being under their control”. 8

Fasirad: “Anagoo ah Odey-dhaqameedyada qabiilka Habar Gerhajis, waxan go’aansaney in aan heshis la galno Dawlada British si aan u ilaalino xoriyadeena, si aan u dhoorno kala dambeynta iyo sharciga iyo sababaha kale wanagsan oo la-hal-maala. Hadaba sida darteed waxan go’aan ku qaadaney in aan aqbalno sidan: ART. I. Habr Gerhajis halkan waxay ku cadeynaysaa oo dhaar ku maraysaa marnaba ka noqoneyn in Dawlada British aysan bixin karin, amaahin karin, ama shaqo u bixn karin qayb kasta oo ka mida deeganka ay dagan yihin kana soo jeedan ay iyagu [British] masuul ka yihiin”.

Ka dib markii British-ku isku fidiyay dhulka xeebaha bada Cas laba sano gudahood wuxu ku gaaray magaalada Las-qoray oo ka mid ah magaaloyinka qadiimka ah ku yaal xeebaha Somalia. British-ku wuxu halkaa heshiish laba daraf ah la gashey qabiilka Warsangali (Mohamud Harti) January 27, 1886kii si u ugu soo biiro heshiiska British Somaliland Protectorate ku sameysmatay. Nuqulka heshiiskan aya u qoran:

“ART. I. The British Government, in compliance with the wish of the undersigned Elders of the Warsangali, undertakes to extend to them and to the territories under their authority and jurisdiction the gracious favor and protection of Her Majesty the Queen- Empress. II. The said Elders of the Warsangali agreed and promise to refrain from entering into any correspondence, Agreement, or Treaty any foreign nation or Power, except with the knowledge and sanction of Her Majesty’s Government.”9

Fasirad: “ART. I. Dawlada British iyada oo tixgalinaysa doonista Odey- dhaqameedyada Warsangali saxiixay heshiiskan, waxay dusha u ridanaysaa in ay u fidiso iyaga iyo deegankooda hoos keento dawladooda iyo xukunkooda wanagsan oo xushamada leh iyo ay ilaaliso Boqortooyada (Her Majesty the Queen- Empress). ART. II. Odey- dhaqameedka Warsangali way ogolaaden iyo waxay kaloo balan qaadayaan in ay ka joogan aysan galin wax macaamila, Heshiis ah ama Axdi la galin wadama ama awoodo shisheeye, marka laga reebo ogolaanshaha iyo ogaanshaha Boqortooyada England (Her Majesty’s Government).”

F.G. Heshiisyada afarta ah, sadex ka mid ah waxa la saxiixay horaantii ilaa dhamadkii bisha February 1886kii waxay si rasmiya ah dhaxal-gal u noqdeen June 16, 1886kii, afar bilood ka dib xiligii la saxiixay. Heshiiska/Axdigii lala galey Habar Awal ayaa afarta heshiis u dambeeyey waxa la saxiixay March 15, 1886, wuxuna dhaxal-gal noqday si rasmi ah September 15, 1886kii lix bilood ka dib. Sababta Samaroon/Gadabursi iyo Essa Madowe Axdiga wajiga 2aad 1886kii British-ku uga reebay baaris dheer ka dib meel ay ku cadahay ma arag sababta, waxansa u badan tahay in mudada labada sano u dhaxeysa labada Axdi in ay British go’aan sadeen Axdiga 1886kii afar qabiil kaliya ku soo kooban maadama ay yihiin qabiilada u badan deegamadas. Iyo in British-ku xeerinayey Axdigii Article 35 1885kii ee Berlin Conference.

Heshiisyada sadexda qabiil oo hore waxay u qornaayeen in ilaalinta iyo xaq- dhawrka sharuudaha laba dhinac bud-dhig u tahay heshiiska guud ee lagala qortay sida: in dhulka la bixin karin, amaahin karin, ama shaqo loo bixin karin, qayb kasta oo ka mida deegamada ay matalaan ay dagan yihin ama ka

8 British and Foreign State Papers, vol. 76, pp. 106 9 British and Foreign State Papers, vol. 77, pp. 1263

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taliyaan. Waxay sharuudahan asal u ahaayen ka doodida bixinta dhulka Hawd [gaar ahaan] ee 1954kii:

“Micheal Mariano reminded the British government that the Agreement stated that the British undertook ‘never to cede’.........territory.....being under their control.”[3]

Fasirad: “ Micheal Mariano ayaa xusuusiyey dawlada British-ka heshiisku qeexayey British-kuna ogolaadey in ‘waligood bixin’......deeganka .....ay masuulka ka yihiin.”

Halka Heshiiska ama Axdiga 4aad oo Oday-dhaqameedyada Warsangali lala galey aysan lahayn wax qodab ah oo dhankooda ka tarjumada dan ay ilaashanayaan, hadii la jabiyona Axdigu burayo. Si kale hadaan u dhigo ma laha heshiiska January 27, 1886kii la galey ee qabiilka Warsangali, sharuudo ka dhan ah British-ka in ay ilaalisona ku khasban tahay. Waxa heshiishyadu ka wada si naayeen in beelaha xeebaha degan ay maraakibta British-ka xeebahooda ku xumaada gacan ka geystaan. Iyo in aysan xeebahooda u ogolaan ka gacansiga adoonsiga dadka iyo in ay Britishku xarumo talis ka furan karaan. Ahmiyada siyaasadeed dhanka British-ku ka lahaa heshiisyada waxay tahay samaynta dhul Somalia ka mid ah oo British Protectorate loo yaqaan.

Xaqiiqda Dhulalka Qabiiladu kala sheegten

Dhanka kale, Heshiisyada Britishka iyo Afarta qabiil ay wada galeen marka laga reebo dhulka dhanka xeebta Bada-cas ku teedsan - oo lagu cadeeyay heshiisyada oo xarumo ‘British Posts’ ka sameenayey - laguma cadayn dhulka dhanka barriga ‘inland’ kaga aadan xeebaha halka baaxad iyo dherar ku egyahay Axdiyada la kala qortay ee heshiska. Qabiilada dhankooda ma keenin xiliga ay heshiiska galeen wax cadaymo ah; qoraal ama qariidad ku xusan oo qeexaya dhulka ay sheeganayaan in ay ka taliyan ama dagan yihiin inta baaxadiisa cel-celis la’egtahay. Sida darteed. Waloow sharciyada heshiisyada lagala qortay marna dood aysan ka dhalan hadana dhanka xaqiijinta dhulalka la sheegtay in ay sax yihiin waa mid mugdi wayn ka jiro ilaa iyo hada. Wasiirka Arihaha Isticmaarka ee Dalka British-ka (Minister of State for Colonial Affairs) Mr. Henry Hopkinson ee xilgaa ayaa February 25, 1955kii fadhi Aqalka Hoose Parliament British ‘House of Common’ ka yeeshay doodii ka dhalatay bixinta dhulka Hawdka xaqiijiyey:

“Those Agreements .....are certainly as binding and valid today as they were when they were signed, but the exact area covered by them never defined. The only indication of its extend was a reference to two points on the coastline in a notification which was made to the Powers which signed the Berlin Treaty of 1885.....Nothing was said whatever about the limits

of the extension in the hinterland.”[1]

Fasirad:“ Heshiisyada.......xaqiiqdii waa lagu khasban yahay maanta waa shaqeynayaan siday horey u shaqeen jireen oo loo saxiixay, laakin baaxada dhul ahaan ay soo koobayaan waligeed lama qeexin. Cadeynta kaliya balacoodu laga soo bar- tilmaamsadey waa labada barood oo dhanka xeebta ah sida ku cad cadeynta loo sameeyay Quwadood (Wadamada Gumeysiga ee reer Yurub), kaas oo la saxiixay Heshiiskii Berlin 1885kii....Waxba lagama oran wax alale waxay xuduudaha dhulka (xeebta) ku hareeraysan la’eg yahay.”

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F.G. - Xafiiska Arimaha Gumeysiga (Colonial Affairs) ee English waxaa la xiray August 1, 1966kii.

Heshiisyadii 1886kii la galey sida British oo ahayd Dawladii iyadu awooda xeerinta ama dhigida sharuudaha/axdiyadi heshiiska gacanta sare lahayd ay qirtay in dhulka British Somaliland la oran jiray dhanka barriga xuduudo cayiman aysan lahayn. Shaki galinta halka xuduuda British dhulka barriga ay dhacdo waa sababah ugu wayn Boqorkii Ethiopia Menelek damaca galisay isku balaarinta dhulka Somalidu degto markii dambanse u suurta galisay in qayba ka mida Caalamku u aqoonsado in uu isagu ka taliyo oo la hoos keeno.10

British-ku qirashada in aysan wax cadayn ah jirin balaca & dhararka toona barriga dhulka qabiilada sheeganayaan wuxuu jid uga dhigayey heshiiskii Angalo-Ethioian 1897kii in u ahaa mid sax ah heshiisyadii qabiilada Somalida ka horeeyayna aysan khilaafsaneyn maadama Somalida dhulka barriga sheegan sidaa darteedna uusan u aqoonsaneyn:

“Moreover, whereas the Agreements with the Somalis neither prescribed any definite territorial arrangment nor purported to define the regions to which they applied.”[1]

Fasirad: “Inta waxa dheer, halka heshiisyada Somalida lala galey marna ma cadeynayn wax qeexitaan ah oo qorsheen dhul ah mana soo jeedin in la qeexo dhulka ay sheegteen.”

Hadaba hadii mugdi wayn ku jiro dhanka British-ka iyo kan European-ka sida cadeynmaha khariidadii dawladihii Isticmarka Berlin Treaty 1885kii lagu diiwan galiyey halka dhulka barriga ee British Somaliland xuduudaheeda dhacdo. Waxa iswaydiiyn mudan sidee ku timid in qabiilka Dhulba-hante (Said Harti, Darod) oo dega afar dalool dalool ka badan inta British Somaliland loo yaqaaney xayndaabka British Protectorate uga mid noqday iyadoo qabiilada Dhulba-hante wax heshiis ah la galin Britishka xiligii (1884-86kii) halka qabiilada kale waqooyi daga u kala tar-tamayeen gacansaarka boqortooyada British-ka. Mr. Henry Hopkinson (Minister of State for Colonial Affairs) ayaa yiri:

“The tribal Elders voluntarily placed themselves under British protection.”11

Fasirad: “Madax dhaqameedyadu qabiilada iyagaa iskood u hoos yimid xukunka British-ka.”

Jawaab u helida su’aalahan iyo kuwa badan oo kale ka dhalan kara dooda Aqalka Hoose ka dhacday February 23-25, 1955kii waxay shaki wayn galinayaan hubaal ahaanshaha in qabiilka Dhulba-hante sharciyan ka mid

10 Mawduuca dhulka Ethiopia 1954kii loo aqoonsadey - 25,000 square mile - warbixinta daraasadan si toos ah uma qusayso cilmi baarisyada dambe ayan ku so qadandoona islamarkaasna ah arimaha laf-dhabarka u noqtay fududeynta in Ethiopia riyadeeda u hirgasho iyada oo wax caqabada kala kulmin dhanka Somalida (h.a.i).

11 Mr. Frederick Willey, M.P. Hansard, loc, cit,,,col.1679

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yahay qabiil ahaan iyo dhul ahaan British Protectorate. Dawlada Britishka ayaa xiliga doodii bixinta dhulalka Hawd, Reserve Area socdeen cadeesay in dhul aysan qabsan qabiilkiisana heshiis la galin loo qaban karin in ay bixiso. Af-hayeenkii Aqalka Hoose ‘House of Commons’ xiligaa kala fadhigu socday Mr. William Marrison ayaa qeexay:

“Consequently it was not in our power to give away that which we did not possess.”

Fasirad: “Sidaa darteed ma ahayn awoodeena inaan bixino waxaan awalkii horeba gacanteena ku jirin.”

Tani waxay cadeyn u tahay sharciyan British-ka deegamada heshiiyadu uu galay meelna kaga qorneyn in aan loo nisbayn karin. Dabcan qaacidadan waa mida loo cuskaday dhulka Somalia in Ethiopia loo hibeeyay 1954kii. Balse intaa kuma koobna, isla qaacidadan waxaa loo cuskan karaa deegadmada qabiilada heshiiska aan British la galin islamarkaasna qayb ka mida Ethiopia dhulkooda la siiyey iyada oo loo nisbaynayo in dhulkaasi qodabadii 1884-86kii ku xusnayn sida qabiilka Dhulba-hante. In sidoo kale qaybta qabiiladaas deegankooda ah Somalia ku hadhay aan loo nisbayn karin in British Somaliland ka mid yihiin. Iftiiminta dood-cilmiyeedkan oo gun-dhig u ah daraasadan sharciyana sax ah markii laga soo fiirsho sharciyadii ay dagsadeen dhexdooda dawladihii Isticmaarka ee reer Europe qaybsiga qaarada Africa. Marka hore waxa laga maarman ah in dood-cilmiyeedka laga reebo in qabiilka Dhulba-hante Darwiish ahaa xiliyada heshiisyadu socdeen. Waxa taas cadayn u ah xiligii heshiisyada qabiilada waqooyi intooda badan la la yeelanayen British-ka, kacdoonkii Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hasan ka dhanka ahaa British-ka wali ma bilaaban. Sida darteed qabiilka Dhulba-hante heshiisyada ugama harin ama loogama reebin in ay Darawish ahayeen xiliga heshiisyadu qabiilada Dhulba-hante jaarka yihiin socdeen. Waxa uga hareen in ay qabiilku dagan yihiin dhulka barriga ah xeebna la hayn degeenadooda:

“In 1895 Sayyid Muhammad came back from Mecca, via Aden to Somalia....About 1885, he set off for Arabia. The Sayyid remained in Mecca and Madina or a in Yaman for five or six years to study.”12

Fasirad: “Sayyid Muhammad Mecca ka soo noqday, dhanka Cadan Somalia ka soo galay.....Qiyaastii 1885kii Sayyidku wuxu u bakhoolay Arabia. Sayyidku wuxu ku baaqi ahaadey Mecca iyo Madina ama Yaman shan ama lix sano oo waxbarsho ah.”

F.G. Kacdoonka Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hasan wuxuu biloowday 1899kii ilaa 1920kii waxaana loo nisbeeya in kacdoonkiisa ka dhashay bixintii dhulka Hawd, Reserve Area & Ogadenia oo heshiishkii Anglo-Ethiopia Treaty Harrar ka dhacay 1897kii dhanka British-ka waxaa u saxiixay Mr. Rodd dhanka Ethiopia Makunan oo Ras of Harrar- waxa la sheegaa sida Professor Husian M. ALBAHARNA buugisa ‘The Legal Status of the Arabia Gul States’ ku cadeeyay in hadii qabiilka Dhulbahante heshiisyadii 1884-86kii lagu dari lahaa in aysan kacdoonka 21 sano socday ee Sayyidka ka qayb qaaten. Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hasan xiligaa heshiishka 1886ka British-ka qabiilada afar ah la galayo wuxuu ku sugnaa Saudi Arabia waxaa la barayey firqada Salihiyada [school of thoughts] oo xagjir ka sii ahayd firqada Qadiriyada xiligaa Somalidu aad ugu dhaqmaysay. Firqada Salihiya waxay magaca ka qaadatay oo aasasaheeda Sheikh Mohamad Ibn Salih al-Rashidi oo noolaa xiligii 1854-1917kii. Sheikh Mohamad Ibn Salih al-Rashidi asalkiisu wuxu ahaa Sudanese wax ku bartay madarasada Maliki kuna noolaa Saudi Arabia Maka (waxa loo badiyaa in Sayyidku la kulmay Sheikh inta uu ku sugnaa Maka).

12 Martin B.G 1976, ‘Muslim brotherhoods in nineteenth-century Africa’, African studies series, Vol. 18, pp. 177-180

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Salihiya xiligaa Sayyidku Saudi Arabia ku sugnaa ayay ururdiimeed cusub aheyd aadna ugu soo horjeeda Qadiriyada islamarkaasna dad caribiyaysa ay geeska Africa u soo dirto sida Wahaabiyada wakhtigan.

Shirkii Berlin 1885ii & ‘Hinterland Theory’

Shirkii Berlin, Germany 1884-85kii (Berlin Conference of 1884-85k, The General Act of the Belrin Conference) ama loo yaqaan Shirkii Congo (The Congo Conference) ayaa waxa loogu daw lahaa sidii in loo sameyn lahaa qacidooyin European dhexdooda isticmaarisiga iyo qaybsiga Africa iskula macaamilaan oo sharci la cuskado, loo noqdo, la isla og-yahay la helo, is- qab-qabsi dhexdooda ah uusan imaan. Dhanka kale shirkan dawlada Germany oo gumaysiga Africa gadaal kaga soo biirtay ayaa muran iyaga iyo dawlada France ka jiray loogu garnaqayey. Kala xadeynta dawlada Europe ee gumaysigooda Africa waxay keentay in dib loo badalo xeerarkii gumaysiga horey uga dhigteen qaybsiga Qaarada Africa. Shirka Berlin 1885kii, inta la qaban ka hor waxa jiray qaacido la oran jiray ‘hinterland theory’ waxay qaacidan awood balaaran siinaysan awal wadama Isticmaarka xiligaa reer Europe in dal walba oo ka mida dhulka xeebata ay Africa ka soo galaan inta kaga beegan barriga uu sheegan karo:

“Which basically gave any colonial power with coastal territory the right to claim political influence over an indefinite amount of inland territory. Since Africa was irregularly

shaped, this theory caused problems and was later rejected.”13

Fasirad: “qaacida ‘hiinterland’ dabcan waxay dawladihii Isticmaarka siinaysay inta la halmaasha dhulka xeebta ilaa intii la doono oo dhul ah oo ku beegan in ay saameen siyaasadeed ku yeeshan. Madama Africa u qaabaysan tahay si aan caadi ahayn qaacidadaan waxay sababtay dhibaatooyin badan sida darteed markii dambe waa la diiday in lagu sii shaqeeyo.”

Shirka Berlin 1885kii, waxa ka soo baxay Article (35) xeerinayay in Isticmaarsiga lagu soo koobo dhulka xeebaha ah kaliya wuxuna meesha ka saaray ‘Hinterland theory’. Wuxu kaloo xeerinayay Article (35) hadii ay dhacdo dawladaha awoodaha leh ee Europe in ay dhulka intiisa kale sheegtaan dhanka barriga kaga beegan xeebaha ay xarumaha ka dhigteen. Waa in ay ka hirgaliyaan nadaam iyo u hogaansanaan sharciga, xarumo Police ka hirgaliayan:

“The principle of effective occupation stated that powers could acquire rights over colonial lands only if they actually possessed them: in other words, if they had treaties with local leaders, if they flew their flag there, and if they established an administration in the territory to govern it with a police force to keep order.”[13]

Fasirad: “Sharciga qabsasho wax ku ool ah waxay cadeynaysaa Awoodaha waa sheegan karaa xuquuqda dhulka ay Isticmarsanayan kaliya hadi ay si cad u qabsadeen: si kale hadii loo yiraahdo, waa hadii heshiis la saxiixdeen hogaamiyayaasha dadka dhulka iska leh, hadey calankooda ka taagen halkaa, iyo hadii ay si cad u maamuleen deeganka si loo xakumo oo ay la jirto ciidan police oo sugaya kala dambaynta.”

13 The Berlin Conference of 1884-85 (The General Act of Berlin Conference) 2014, Originalpeople.Org, viewed 8 March 2018, <http://originalpeople.org/berlin-conference-1884-85/>

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F.G. Sharciyadan Isticmaarka uu dhexdooda dhigta ma aha kuwa hada shaqeeyaa qarnigan waxana la xiray oo laga kaaftoomay markii States la sameeyay xoriyadna la siiyay. Balse waxaa laga maarmaan noqotay in la xuso oo buugta la iskula noqdo sharciyada Isticmaarka. Maadaama Dawlada Somaliland soo noolaynayso xuduudo Isticmaarka waliba kuwoodii buray oo aan wax aqoonsi caalamiya helin.

Qodabka Article 35 wuxu dhaqan kalay isla xiga shirka Berlin 1885kii dhacay, waxay tani cadayn u tahay markii Britishku heshiishka qabiilada waqooyiga Somalia la galayey 1886kii qabiiladii xeebaha bada Cas degan kaliya in uu xeerinayey ku dhaqanka qodabkan (Article 35 of Berlin Conference) oo marka qiyaastii mudo sanad ah jiray ama ku dhow, Article 35 ayaa diirada saarayay:

“However, as the Berlin Act was limited in its scope to the lands on the African coast, there were numerous instances where European powers claimed rights over lands in the interior without demonstrating the requirement of effective occupation articulated in Article 35 of the Final Act.”[13]

Fasirad: “Si kasta oo ahaato, madaama Sharciga Berlin ay diiradisu ku aadanayd dhulka xeebta Africa, mararka qaarkood waxaa dhacaysay meelo awoodaha reer Europe-ka sheeganayeen xuquuqda dhul-gudaha ah iyaga oo ka muujin wixi looga baahnaa qabsasho rasmiya oo shaqaynaysa sida ku uu dhigayo qodabka Article 35 ee sharcigiisa u dambeeya.”

Waa xaqiiq in British-ku kula dagaalamay Daraawishta deeganka qabiilada Dhulba-hante sida duqayntii Taleex –xarunta Sayyidka – etc. Balse baaris- dheer ka dib ay darasadadan samaysay ma helin marnaba meel ay ku xusan tahay in Britishku uu xukumay si cad qabiilada Dhulba-hante; heshiis la saxiixday Oday dhaqameedyada ama calan ka taagay deegamada. Iyo sidoo kale ay jiran xarumo police ilaaliya kala dambaynta iyo dhawrida sharciga oo laga hirgaliyey deegamadaas. Iyada oo la cuskanayo xeerkii ‘Qabsashada Taaba-galka ah ee ‘Principle of Effective Occupation (General Act of Berlin Conference 1884-85). Sida qodabka laga bixi karo waxaa deegamada qabiilada Dhulba-hante lagu xayndaabtay qarnigii 19aad qaacidadii laga guuray ‘Hinterland Theory’ markii meesha laga saarayna waxa buraya deegankasta oo xeerkaa loo cuskaday sheegashadisa. Sida darteed suurtagal ma noqon karto wada kasta ha loo maro in maanta mar labaad dib loo soo noolayn karo qarniga 21aad xeer dawladihii Isticmaarka qudhoodi sharuucdii gumaysiga ka saareen kulankii Berlin,1885kii.

Daraasadan meesha kama saarayso sadexdii sano u dambeysay xiligi British- ka deegamada waqooyi xoriya la doonaysay 1957kii oo sid deg-dega u samaysay ahayd gole deegan aan la shaacin/loo dhamayn in ay xubno qabiilada Dhulba-hante ka mida qayb ka ahaayen. Gudigan (unofficial legistive councils) ayaa shaqadooda ahayd in ay soo magacaban gudi gaar ah oo soo dhisa dastuur ku-meel-gaar ah oo lagu soo doorto gole deegan oo sharciya. Islamarkasn lagu saleeyo ismaamul gobaleedka (self government) uu British-ku qorsheenayo marka uu xoriyada qoomiyaded siiyo (Nation independence) si ugu biiran Italian Somaliland oo iyagu qaadanayey xoriyad qoomiyadeed iyo mid qaran (Nation independence and state sovereignty). Gudiga ayey ku qaadatay laba sano in 1959kii in dastuur ku meel-gaarka soo dhiso ka dibna waxa la doortay gole deegan oo rasmiya ka kooban 33

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xubnood ururka SNL wuxu ku yeeshay 20 xubnood, ururka siyasadeedka (United Somali Part) USP 12 xubnood iyo NUF 1 xubin:

“Elections under this new constitution were held in February, 1960...There was strong poll. The Somali National League and the United Somali Party, who obtained 20 and 12 seats respectively, formed a coalition, and the National United Front 1 seat.”14

Fasirad: “Doorashoyinka ku dhaxay dastuurkan cusub waxa lagu qabsoomeen February, 1960kii....Waxa ka doorsho xoog badan. Ururka SNL iyo ururka USP oo kala helay 2o iyo 12 sida ay u kala horeeyan waa midoobeen, iyo ururka NUF wuxu helay hal cod.”

F.G. Xubnaha golaha deeganka ayey ahayeen markii la ansixiyey 1960kii isla kuwa codsaday in ay British-ku sugo inta deegan ahan noqonaysa British Protectorate oo xoriyada qaadanaysa. Codsi wuxu ahaa mid Somalida waqooyi ka yimid si aysan u dhicin dhul dhexda ku soo dhaca oo Ethiopia u sheegan sida Hawd iyo Reserve Area.

Xubnaha golaha deeganka cusub oo ka koobnaa 33 xubnood ayaa Gudoomiya British Somaliland u fadhiyey xiligaa Mr. A.T. Lennox-Boyd wuxu ka soo magacaabay 4 Wasir iyo 1 Wasir caawiye ah. Wasiiradan Mr. Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal ka mid ayuu ahaa. Ismamul dawaladeedka (self government) wuxu si rasmiya u shaqeeyay kaliya ilaa February 1960kii ilaa July 1, 1960kii oo Somali wayn ismamulku ku biiro. Ka dibna waxa si toosa looga maarmay ismamulkaa July 1961kii oo ahay goortii la ansaxiyey oo afti loo qaaday dastuurkii ugu horeeyay qaranka Somalia yeesho abid dalkoo dhan (konfur & waqoyi).[3] Wax cadayn ah loo hayo wada shaqayn dhex- timaada British-ka iyo qabiilada Dhulba-hante waxay ahayd kaliya ka qayb qaadashadii dhisidii ismamul gobaleedkii loo diyaarinay markii Somalida koonfureed aqoonsiga in ay ku biiran.

F.G. Cilmi-baaristu qaybtan waxay soo jeedinaysa in la furo dood cilmiyeed lagu salaynayo dib u qiimeyn sharciyadii xayndaabka British Somaliland ku hirgashay. Markii 1884-886kii heshiisayada British-ka & Odey dhaqameedyadii Somalida waqoyi wada galeen lagu saleeyo ahanshaha xayndaabka British Somaliland. Qabiilada Dhulbahante heshiis la galin Britishka iyo Warsangali oo heshiisyada qayb muhiim ah ka ahaa, islamarkasna ururkii United Somali Party (USP) ku wada jiray, ayaa xeer isku si u qabanayn goorta xeerarkii colonial ee shirkii Berlin 1885kii la iskula noqdo. In xeerarka Isticmaarka dib Somali oo xor ah iskula noqoto waxa bilaabay Dawlada Somaliland. Sida darteed wax diidaya ma jiraan qabiilada diidan in Somaliland qayb ka noqdaan gartooda ku cuslaystaan.

Dhanka aqoonsiga heshiisyadii British-ku Somalida la galay heer H.M.G (Her Majest’s Government) British-ka ama heer caalami ee UN. Qiimayn ay daraasadan sameysay waxay ku ogaatay go’aamdii ka soo baxay shirkii sadexda bari socday 23-25 Feb, 1955kii heshiisyadii Britishku iyo Somalida (qabiilada waqooyi inta badan) wada galeen 1884-86kii laga soo qaaday heshiisyo aqoonsigoodu dawlada British-ka kaliya dhaafsiisnayn aqoonsigoodu ahmiyada laga lahaana laga soo gudbay. Shirka Aqalka Hoose ‘House of Commons’ ka dhacay Xoghaya Dalka Biritish-ka xiligaa ee Arimaha Isticmaarka oo la waydiiyey waxa heshiishyadii 1884-86kii sharciyan xafiiskiisa uu matalo ka aaminsan yahay wuxu yiri:

14 Conolian Office 1960, Report of the somaliland protectorate constitutional conference, pp. 4-28.

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“This statement demonstrated [that the United Kingdom] did not regard the tribes of Somaliland, with which it had concluded the Agreement in 1886, as sovereign, or even as part-sovereign, entities which could be recognized as persons in international law, but that it considered them as no more than subjects of the British Crown.”15

Fasirad: “Qoraalkan la soo jeediyay kama soo qaadayn qabiilada Somaliland, kuwii galay Heshiiska 1886kii, sida dal madaxbanan, ama xitaa qayb gaar ah oo ka mid ah dal madaxbanan, wuxuu u aqoonsan yahay ash-khaas marka Sharciga Caalamiga u dhigan la cuskado, laakin waxay u tixgalinaysa inay tahay taasi shaqo Boqortooyada British-ka u taal kalia.”

Qabiilada Somalida kaliya ma ahayn heshiisyadii qabiilada lagula heshiisyey in waxba laga soo qaadin. Sharuudaha heshiisyada ku qoran fulintooda dhanka British-ku waxay ku keenaysay in ay khaladad badan oo la xiriira bixinta dhulalka wadama ay isticmaarsadeen - dhulal ay qaba’ilo kula heshiiyeen dal kale raaciyeen - dib u soo celiyaan arintana xiliga hada la joogo uma arkaan hawl ay ka bixi karaan ama waafaqsanayn siyaasi markii hore ay ka lahaayen bixinta dhulalkas. Xiliga Somalida ururkii NUFRRH dacwada ka furay London waraqna u diray UN-ta. Waxa dacwo tan Somalida la mida goobta la yimid Oday-daqameedyadii ‘Oil Rivers Chiefs’ ee dalka Nigeria ka socda sidoo kale heshiis British-ka la galeen 1884kii in la ictiraafo ku raad joogay. Mawqifka kaba dambeysta ah British-ku heshiisyada ka istaagay waxay ahayen kuwa uu si cad u muujiyey oo anan fasir kale loo yeeli karin, wuxu Mr. William Marrison cadeeyay:

“I ought at this stage to refer to the strict legal position. I am advised that the Treaties of this kind have no standing in international law and it follows from this that it would be quite inappropriate to adopt the suggestion that the question of the proper interpretation of the Treaties should be referred to the International Court. I am also advised on the highest authority that such Treaties confer no rights that are enforceable in our courts......as I must, that in the view of Her Majesty’s Government these Treaties did not create obligations that could be enforced either under international law or municipal law.”[15]

Fasirad: “Waxan ku qasbanahay marakan in aan xigto sharuucda adag oo ka dagsan. Aniga waxan laygula taliyey in Heshiisyada noocan oo kale ah aysan mawqif ku lahayn xeerarka caalamka u dhigan, sida darteed munaasib ma aha in loo soo qaato su’aasha fasirkeeda saxda in Heshiisyaan loo wareejiyo Maxkamada Caalamiga. Waxa kale oo dawlada sare igu war-galisay in Heshiisyadan sugaynin wax xaquuqa oo khasbaya in lagu qaado maxkamadaheena maxaliga ah....waxan ku khasbanahay aragtida H.M.G Heshiisyadaan ma abuurayaan sharuudo dirqinaya in lagu maxkamad qaado xeerarka caalamiga ama xeerarka maxaliga ah.”

Professor Husain M. ALBAHARNA buugisa ‘The Legal Status of the Arabia Gulf States’ wuxu ku xusay:

“The British Government opposed the hearing of the Somali Petition because it was a domestic matter and could not be discussed by the United Nation.”[15]

Fasirad: “Dawlada British-ku waxay diday in Somalida dacwadeeda la qaado sababtoo ah waa dacwo arimaha gudaha British-ka qusaysa sida darteed Jamacada Qurumaha ka dhaxaysa kama hadli karto.”

15 Albaharna H. M 1968, The legal status of the arabian gulf states: The Present Legal Position, pp, 88-89.

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Diidama qayaxan uu British-ku jidgooyada ugu dhigtay Somalidu in ay Qarama Midoobay u dacwo dhiibato waxay ahayd mid uu qiil uga haysto dhanka UN-ta. Aricle ama Qodabka (102) UN Charter ayaa u qiil sameynaya in British-ku wixii heshiis uu Somalida la galay uu ka soo qaado heshiisyo isaga iyo shakhsiyaad dhexmaray sida darteed UN-ta laga diiwaan galin:

“Article 102 of the Charter is that ‘no party to any such treaty or international agreement which has not been registered may invoke that treaty or agreement before any organ of the United Nation.”[15]

Fasirad: “Article 102 ka mida ah Charter ‘ururna/xisbina inaba, sida heshiis ama isfaham caalami ah oo aan la diiwan galin ma horgayn karo heshiiskaas ama isfahamkaas qayb kasta oo ka mida Jamciyada Qarumda Midoobay.”

Caqabadaha & Gunaanadka

UN-ta oo la asaasay October 25,1945kii dagaalkii labaad ka dib heshiisyadii sida Oday dhaqameedyadii Muscat, Oman iyo Nepal xiliyda Somalia British- ku heshiis la galey xili ku beegan ama ka hor heshiis la galay waxa laga diiwan galiyey mar dambe UN-ta waxana loo aqoonsad heshiisyo caalamiya oo UN-tu diiwan galisay. Sidoo kale heshiisyadii Dawlada Talyaniga qabiilada Somalida koonfurta la gashay qudhooda waxa mar dambe laga diiwan galiyey UN-ta waana mida bud-dhigaha u ahayd in Italian Somaliland November 21, 1949kii la galiyo 10 sano ah trusteeship oo caalamiya si Dal xora loogu aqoonsado iyo Dad xora halka British Somaliland Dad xora kaliya loogu aqoon saday markay xoriyada qaateen January 26, 1960kii ayna ku qasbanadeen in Italian Somaliland ku sii biiran si aqoosiga ay helayeen walalahod ula wadaagan.

Hadaba daraasadan waxay cilmi-baaris u sameysay si xaqiiqda dhabta ah looga ogaado khilaafka, ismariwaaga deegaameed iyo siyaasadeed ee ka jira deegamadii British Somaliland la isku oran jiray. Ku dhawaaqidii Dawlada Somaliland 1991 iyo Ictiraaf ka raadinta caalamka waloow maamulka qadiyadaa ku dhashay si wanaagsan oo dhamaystiran u hirgaliyay dhamaan hay’adihii dawliga (executive, legislative & judiciary). Iyo taaba galiyey/ilaaliyey xeerarka dadka iyo hay’adaha dawliga dhamaantood sharcigu uu ka sareeyo loona hogaansanaado (rule of law & good governance) Sido kale hirgaliyey sugida amniga, ilaalinta hanaanga iyo ka hortagida dambiyada (police/civil force). Somaliland waxay hirgalisay nadaamka dimoqradiaga iyo hal-qof-hal-cod.

Dhanka kale gooni isu taaga ama raadin Ictiraaf Caalamiya, 27 sano la soo dhaafay Somaliland waxay ku ahayd baadi-goobid baadi aan jirin. British-ka oo ah Dawaladii Isticmaarsatay gobalada waqooyi sababta ugu muhiimsan aysan heshiisyadii 1884-86kii la gashay qabiilada inta badan u aqoonsanayn sharciyan (legal obligation) balse niyad ahaan aqoonsan yihiin (moral obligation). Waxay tahay, aqoosiga heshiishyada qabiilada lala galay ee sii horeeyay waxay bud-dhig u yihiin in Somaliland la aqoonsado dal ahaan, sida darteedna dhulka Hawd iyo Reserve Area British-ku 1897kii iyo 1954kii u gacan-galiyey Ethiopia in ayagana British Somaliland ka mid yihiin loo

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 Othman

aqoonsado maadama heshiisyada ku xusan yihiin khaasatan heshiisyadii qabiilada Habar Awal, Garhajis & Habar Toljecle saxiixeen sanadkii 1886kii. Daraasadu waxay iyana caadka ka qaadaysaa hawl-galka Somaliland ugu magacdartay ‘soo xirida xuduudaha’ British Somaliland in ay tahay mid salka ku haysa maamul balaarin uun balse habayaratee saamayn ku lahayn Ictiraaf lagu helo sababaha kor ku xusay awgood.

Correspondence: Othman A. Mahamed, BA-SSS (Security & Counter Terrorism), Faculty of Social Science, University of Swinburne, Melbourne, Australia. Email: Othmun1@gmail.com

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